General thermodynamics

- Understand the thermodynamic approach, making the link between microscopic and macroscopic description
- Identify the quantities that describe a system
- Be able to describe the equilibrium state of a macroscopic system, using the tools that have been introduced (state functions, equations of state, etc.).)
- Be able to read a phase diagram (mainly pure bodies and binary mixtures) and understand its construction via state functions
- Understand the origin of state changes

No particular pre-requisites other than "basic" general knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics, normally largely covered in previous studies.

In the first part (paragraphs 1 and 2), we present the fundamentals of thermodynamics, proposing a more modern approach than the "historical" one. Although the development is mainly phenomenological, the description of the equilibrium state is deduced from the behavior of the system at the microscopic (atomic) scale. This gives entropy a clear physical meaning. The main advantage of this presentation is that it is perfectly consistent with a more "sophisticated" statistical description that will be taught in the second semester.

In a second part (paragraphs 3 and 4), we propose to apply our knowledge of thermodynamics to the description of phase diagrams. We first consider the case of the pure body before studying the case of mixtures (essentially binary). Time permitting, we will also say a few words about ternary diagrams.
1: The macroscopic state of equilibrium
In this first chapter, we cover the following concepts: macroscopic system, internal energy, the different facets of thermodynamic equilibrium, extensive and intensive functions and state variables, the transition from the microscopic to the macroscopic world, entropy and the principle of extremum, constrained and natural states of equilibrium.
2 Equations of state and other state functions
Definition of the parameters pressure, temperature and chemical potential via the equations of state (internal energy and entropy), equilibrium state described by the equations of state, link with the extremum principle, application to the perfect gas, presentation of other state functions (free energy, free enthalpy, enthalpy, etc.), use of standardized functions, calorimetric coefficients (application to calorimetry).
3: Phase diagram of a pure body
Definition of a phase diagram, representations of a phase diagram, description of equilibrium between phases (solid/liquid, solid/gas, liquid/gas transitions), phase rule (variance), moment rule, latent heat and Clapeyron relation, more detailed description of the liquid/gas transition using the Van der Waals model, common tangent rule, spinodal curve, metastability and instability.
4 Phase diagrams of mixtures (as a function of remaining time)
Description of the equilibrium state of a mixture, binary mixture, incompressible liquid model, regular solution model, equilibrium between gas, liquid and solid phases (liquid/gas spindle, azeotropes at maximum, minimum). Very general considerations on ternary diagrams (if possible).

Physical and Analytical Chemistry

- Cours de Physique Thermodynamique, Claude Coulon, Sylvie Le Boiteux, Patricia Segonds, DEUG sciences series, ed. DUNOD, 1997,
- TD Thermodynamique, Claude Coulon et al, DEUG sciences series, ed. Dunod 1998.